The importance of ecosystem services to smallholder farmers in climate change adaptation: learning from an ecosystem-based adaptation pilot in Vietnam

Basic information

• Case ID: INT-244-1
• Intervention type: Combination
• Intervention description:

  "As existing forests are poor composition and low density - about 12,000 seedlings of 3 species are planted (Erythrophloeum fordii, Cinnamomum iner, Manglietia glauca) (native species used, aim was to restore integrity of native forest therefore coded as RES and not CRT) + Protection of native forests (40 ha of native forest are well protected) but this is part of a broader ecosystem-based adaptation pilot project including native forest with enrich- ment activities on the upper slope, orange plantations on the middle part of slope with pineapple and pinto peanut as contour lines, and homesteads in the lowest part with bee hives and compost. Actions and outcomes from the EbA pilot are summarised in Table 3. Also involves capacity development and awareness raising for local staff and farmers"

• Landscape/sea scape ecosystem management: Yes

• Climate change impacts	Effect of Nbs on CCI	Effect measures
  Freshwater flooding	Positive	**outcome measures are all specific ES provided by the intervention that helps reduce vulnerability to each of the climate impacts. These are not quantified further, just identified through focus groups and interviews with local stakeholders as arising due to implementation of intervention and report on frequency with which each was reported by participants as well as determine mean rank of importance of that ES **Positive for all climate impacts • Other: microclimate regulation (regulating service) • Wind damage: Moderation of extreme events (storms, whirlwinds) • Water availability: water provisioning service (for drinking and irrigation) • Soil erosion: soil erosion regulating service • Soil fertility: maintenance of soil fertility (regulating service) • Agricultural production: fodder production • Loss of other ecosystem goods: provisioning services: honey, bamboo shoots (for food), firewood, medicinal plants • Timber production: timber provisioning service • Freshwater flooding: Regulation of water flows (increase underground water storage capacity)
  Loss of timber production	Positive	**outcome measures are all specific ES provided by the intervention that helps reduce vulnerability to each of the climate impacts. These are not quantified further, just identified through focus groups and interviews with local stakeholders as arising due to implementation of intervention and report on frequency with which each was reported by participants as well as determine mean rank of importance of that ES **Positive for all climate impacts • Other: microclimate regulation (regulating service) • Wind damage: Moderation of extreme events (storms, whirlwinds) • Water availability: water provisioning service (for drinking and irrigation) • Soil erosion: soil erosion regulating service • Soil fertility: maintenance of soil fertility (regulating service) • Agricultural production: fodder production • Loss of other ecosystem goods: provisioning services: honey, bamboo shoots (for food), firewood, medicinal plants • Timber production: timber provisioning service • Freshwater flooding: Regulation of water flows (increase underground water storage capacity)
  Loss of other ecosystem goods	Positive	**outcome measures are all specific ES provided by the intervention that helps reduce vulnerability to each of the climate impacts. These are not quantified further, just identified through focus groups and interviews with local stakeholders as arising due to implementation of intervention and report on frequency with which each was reported by participants as well as determine mean rank of importance of that ES **Positive for all climate impacts • Other: microclimate regulation (regulating service) • Wind damage: Moderation of extreme events (storms, whirlwinds) • Water availability: water provisioning service (for drinking and irrigation) • Soil erosion: soil erosion regulating service • Soil fertility: maintenance of soil fertility (regulating service) • Agricultural production: fodder production • Loss of other ecosystem goods: provisioning services: honey, bamboo shoots (for food), firewood, medicinal plants • Timber production: timber provisioning service • Freshwater flooding: Regulation of water flows (increase underground water storage capacity)
  Loss of food production	Positive	**outcome measures are all specific ES provided by the intervention that helps reduce vulnerability to each of the climate impacts. These are not quantified further, just identified through focus groups and interviews with local stakeholders as arising due to implementation of intervention and report on frequency with which each was reported by participants as well as determine mean rank of importance of that ES **Positive for all climate impacts • Other: microclimate regulation (regulating service) • Wind damage: Moderation of extreme events (storms, whirlwinds) • Water availability: water provisioning service (for drinking and irrigation) • Soil erosion: soil erosion regulating service • Soil fertility: maintenance of soil fertility (regulating service) • Agricultural production: fodder production • Loss of other ecosystem goods: provisioning services: honey, bamboo shoots (for food), firewood, medicinal plants • Timber production: timber provisioning service • Freshwater flooding: Regulation of water flows (increase underground water storage capacity)
  Reduced soil quality	Positive	**outcome measures are all specific ES provided by the intervention that helps reduce vulnerability to each of the climate impacts. These are not quantified further, just identified through focus groups and interviews with local stakeholders as arising due to implementation of intervention and report on frequency with which each was reported by participants as well as determine mean rank of importance of that ES **Positive for all climate impacts • Other: microclimate regulation (regulating service) • Wind damage: Moderation of extreme events (storms, whirlwinds) • Water availability: water provisioning service (for drinking and irrigation) • Soil erosion: soil erosion regulating service • Soil fertility: maintenance of soil fertility (regulating service) • Agricultural production: fodder production • Loss of other ecosystem goods: provisioning services: honey, bamboo shoots (for food), firewood, medicinal plants • Timber production: timber provisioning service • Freshwater flooding: Regulation of water flows (increase underground water storage capacity)
  Soil erosion	Positive	**outcome measures are all specific ES provided by the intervention that helps reduce vulnerability to each of the climate impacts. These are not quantified further, just identified through focus groups and interviews with local stakeholders as arising due to implementation of intervention and report on frequency with which each was reported by participants as well as determine mean rank of importance of that ES **Positive for all climate impacts • Other: microclimate regulation (regulating service) • Wind damage: Moderation of extreme events (storms, whirlwinds) • Water availability: water provisioning service (for drinking and irrigation) • Soil erosion: soil erosion regulating service • Soil fertility: maintenance of soil fertility (regulating service) • Agricultural production: fodder production • Loss of other ecosystem goods: provisioning services: honey, bamboo shoots (for food), firewood, medicinal plants • Timber production: timber provisioning service • Freshwater flooding: Regulation of water flows (increase underground water storage capacity)
  Reduced water availability	Positive	**outcome measures are all specific ES provided by the intervention that helps reduce vulnerability to each of the climate impacts. These are not quantified further, just identified through focus groups and interviews with local stakeholders as arising due to implementation of intervention and report on frequency with which each was reported by participants as well as determine mean rank of importance of that ES **Positive for all climate impacts • Other: microclimate regulation (regulating service) • Wind damage: Moderation of extreme events (storms, whirlwinds) • Water availability: water provisioning service (for drinking and irrigation) • Soil erosion: soil erosion regulating service • Soil fertility: maintenance of soil fertility (regulating service) • Agricultural production: fodder production • Loss of other ecosystem goods: provisioning services: honey, bamboo shoots (for food), firewood, medicinal plants • Timber production: timber provisioning service • Freshwater flooding: Regulation of water flows (increase underground water storage capacity)
  Wind damage	Positive	**outcome measures are all specific ES provided by the intervention that helps reduce vulnerability to each of the climate impacts. These are not quantified further, just identified through focus groups and interviews with local stakeholders as arising due to implementation of intervention and report on frequency with which each was reported by participants as well as determine mean rank of importance of that ES **Positive for all climate impacts • Other: microclimate regulation (regulating service) • Wind damage: Moderation of extreme events (storms, whirlwinds) • Water availability: water provisioning service (for drinking and irrigation) • Soil erosion: soil erosion regulating service • Soil fertility: maintenance of soil fertility (regulating service) • Agricultural production: fodder production • Loss of other ecosystem goods: provisioning services: honey, bamboo shoots (for food), firewood, medicinal plants • Timber production: timber provisioning service • Freshwater flooding: Regulation of water flows (increase underground water storage capacity)
  Other climate impact	Positive	**outcome measures are all specific ES provided by the intervention that helps reduce vulnerability to each of the climate impacts. These are not quantified further, just identified through focus groups and interviews with local stakeholders as arising due to implementation of intervention and report on frequency with which each was reported by participants as well as determine mean rank of importance of that ES **Positive for all climate impacts • Other: microclimate regulation (regulating service) • Wind damage: Moderation of extreme events (storms, whirlwinds) • Water availability: water provisioning service (for drinking and irrigation) • Soil erosion: soil erosion regulating service • Soil fertility: maintenance of soil fertility (regulating service) • Agricultural production: fodder production • Loss of other ecosystem goods: provisioning services: honey, bamboo shoots (for food), firewood, medicinal plants • Timber production: timber provisioning service • Freshwater flooding: Regulation of water flows (increase underground water storage capacity)

• Approach implemented in the field: Yes
• Specific location:

  So’n Tho ̇ commune—a mountainous area of Vu Quang district, Ha Tinh province, Vietnam, about 70 km from the provincial centre - upper slopes]

• Country: Vietnam
• Habitat/Biome type: Montane/Alpine |
• Issue specific term: Ecosystem-based adaptation
  

Evidence

• Notes on intervention effectivness: No control. Effectiveness determined by assessing stakeholder perception of intervention effectiveness once it had been implemented (i.e. a before after comparison)
• Is the assessment original?: Yes
• Broadtype of intervention considered: Not applicable
• Compare effectivness?: No
• Compared to the non-NBS approach: Not applicable
• Report greenhouse gas mitigation?: No
• Impacts on GHG: Not applicable
• Assess outcomes of the intervention on natural ecosystems: Yes
• Impacts for the ecosystem: Positive
• Ecosystem measures: "40 ha of native forest are well protected and about 12,000 seedlings of 3 species are planted (Erythrophloeum fordii, Cinnamomum iner, Manglietia glauca)" --> an outcome of implementing the intervention
• Assess outcomes of the intervention on people: Yes
• Impacts for people: Positive
• People measures: ** same as climate impacts because all are listed as directly benefiting the local community. additional outcomes include cultural and amenity services: Opportunities for recreation + Inspiration for better farming practices (toward organic practices for bees)
• Considers economic costs: No
• Economic appraisal conducted: No
• Economic appraisal described:
• Economic costs of alternative considered: No
• Compared to an alternative: Not reported

Evaluation methodology

• Type of data: Qualitative
• Is it experimental: No
• Experimental evalution done: Not applicable
• Non-experimental evalution done: Empirical case study
• Study is systematic: